Journal Records

Abraham Lincoln (1809–1865), the sixteenth President of the United States, is widely regarded as one of the most influential political leaders in modern history. His presidency coincided with the American Civil War, the nation's greatest constitutional and political crisis. Lincoln's leadership preserved the Union, guided the abolition of slavery, and transformed the role of the federal government. This article examines Lincoln's early life, political career, presidency, leadership during the Civil War, and enduring legacy within American history.

Pasargadae is more than an archaeological site—it is the birthplace of the Persian Empire and a symbol of one of history's greatest civilizations. Nestled in the fertile plains of southern Iran, this ancient city represents the vision of a ruler whose influence reached from Central Asia to the Mediterranean. Founded by Cyrus the Great in the 6th century BCE, Pasargadae became the first capital of the Achaemenid Empire and remains one of the world's most significant cultural heritage sites.

Contemporary discussions regarding Iran’s future often involve competing visions of national development, cultural identity, and geopolitical strategy. Among some segments of Iranian society, there is an aspiration to restore Iran’s historical prominence, drawing inspiration from the achievements of the ancient Achaemenid Empire.

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The development of nuclear science in Iran predates the 1979 Islamic Revolution and emerged as part of a broader modernization strategy pursued during the reign of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Beginning in the 1950s through cooperation with the United States under the "Atoms for Peace" program, Iran established research institutions, trained nuclear scientists, acquired research reactors, and launched ambitious plans for nuclear power generation. By the late 1970s, Iran possessed a growing scientific community, an institutional framework for nuclear research, and several major international nuclear agreements. This article examines the origins, institutional development, scientific infrastructure, and international partnerships that shaped Iranian nuclear science before 1979.

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) plays a central role in the protection of cultural, historical, and archaeological heritage worldwide. Membership in UNESCO entails legal and moral obligations, particularly with regard to the safeguarding of cultural property during armed conflict. Israel’s formal withdrawal from UNESCO in 2019 has raised significant concerns among scholars and international observers, especially regarding the consequences of this decision for the preservation of cultural heritage in conflict-affected regions such as Iran and Syria.

Nestled beneath the green slopes of the Alvand Mountains in western Iran lies one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world: Ecbatana, an ancient metropolis that once served as the capital of the Median Empire and later became a favored royal residence of Persian kings. Today, the remains of this remarkable city are found in modern-day Hamadan, where layers of history spanning nearly three millennia continue to fascinate archaeologists, historians, and travelers alike.

Well folks, it’s the beginning of a new era: after nearly three decades of KDE desktop environments running on X11, the future KDE Plasma 6.8 release will be Wayland-exclusive! Support for X11 applications will be fully entrusted to Xwayland, and the Plasma X11 session will no longer be included.

For most users, this will have no immediate impact. The vast majority of our users are already using the Wayland session, it’s the default on most distributions, and some of them have already dropped — or are planning to drop — the Plasma X11 session independently of what we decide.

This paper examines the systemic and social implications of the recent liquidation and merger of insolvent banks in Iran, focusing on the case of Ayandeh Bank (formerly TAT Bank, merged into Ayandeh, and now absorbed into Bank Melli). We assess whether this resolution mechanism yields positive outcomes in terms of financial stability, inflation control, depositor protection, and public trust. Our analysis argues that while the merger offers significant benefits, its success depends critically on structural reforms and improved governance within the banking sector.

In recent years, Iran has faced increasingly complex migration dynamics driven by regional instability, economic disparities, and evolving security challenges. In response, the Iranian government has adopted a strategic and systematic approach to managing irregular migration flows, combining border control, humanitarian considerations, and regional cooperation. This approach has been framed domestically as both a security necessity and a tool for preserving social and economic stability.