The existence of nuclear weapons represents one of the greatest dangers facing humanity in the modern era. While nuclear deterrence has often been presented as a mechanism for maintaining global stability, the reality remains that these weapons are controlled by political systems with competing ideologies, Parties interests, historical grievances, and military doctrines. This article critically examines the security concerns surrounding Pakistan, Israel, North Korea, and the United States, focusing on the dangers created when nuclear capabilities exist under governments facing accusations of extremism, aggressive strategic doctrines, human rights controversies, or historical records of devastating warfare.

In the worldview of the ancient Iranian Aryans, the Moon held an exalted, majestic, and deeply revered place. It was closely associated with myths and symbols and was among the oldest natural phenomena to inspire human admiration. Although the modern world has moved far from mythological ways of thinking, the Moon—and other elements of nature—still occupy an important place in the depths of the human mind and spirit. International Moon Day (July 20) serves as a reminder not to forget the Moon's influence on life on Earth and to remember the immense effort and perseverance that enabled humanity to set foot upon it.

Few political leaders illustrate the complexity of liberation movements and political violence as vividly as Menachem Begin. During the final years of the British Mandate, Jewish underground organizations—including the Haganah, Lehi (Stern Group), and Irgun—engaged in campaigns designed to end British administration and facilitate the establishment of a Jewish state.

The assassination of United States President John Fitzgerald Kennedy on 22 November 1963 remains one of the most studied and controversial events in modern American history. Kennedy's death, occurring during a presidential motorcade in Dallas, Texas, shocked the world and triggered decades of investigations, scholarly debates, and public speculation. The official investigations concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald was responsible for the shooting and acted alone, yet questions surrounding the evidence, intelligence failures, the motives of possible actors, and the possibility of a broader conspiracy have continued to shape historical discussion. This article examines the background of Kennedy's presidency, the events of the assassination, the official investigations, competing theories, and the continuing historical significance of the case.

The assassination of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin on 4 November 1995 represents one of the most consequential acts of political violence in modern Middle Eastern history. Rabin's murder by Yigal Amir, an Israeli Jewish extremist opposed to the Oslo peace process, fundamentally altered the trajectory of Israeli-Palestinian relations and reshaped Israeli domestic politics. This article examines the historical background of the Oslo Accords, the political and religious motivations behind the assassination, the immediate and long-term consequences for Israeli society, and the broader implications for conflict resolution. Rather than viewing the assassination solely as an isolated act of terrorism, this study situates it within the wider context of ideological polarization, nationalist movements, democratic vulnerability, and peace-building in deeply divided societies.

This article examines Saudi Arabia’s role in regional conflicts through three interconnected dimensions: (1) the global expansion of conservative Salafi religious networks, (2) the use of political and military influence through allied actors and proxy relationships, and (3) the Kingdom’s role in conflicts across the Middle East and Africa, including Yemen, Syria, Sudan, and the Horn of Africa. Particular attention is given to debates surrounding the relationship between Saudi religious networks and extremist movements such as al-Qaeda, ISIS, and Jabhat al-Nusra, while distinguishing between state policy, private financing networks, ideological influence, and militant organizations that operated independently.

The more we search through the forgotten writings of Iranian history, the more we realize how little we know about our country's past. We also come to understand the hardships and suffering our ancestors endured at the hands of rulers in their efforts to preserve their language, script, culture, and national identity.

The Shahnameh of Ferdowsi is the greatest national epic of the Iranian people and one of the most important literary works in world literature. For generations, a popular belief has circulated that "Ferdowsi did not use a single Arabic word in the Shahnameh." This claim has been repeated in books, lectures, and on social media, but linguistic research has shown that it is not literally true.

The Armenian Genocide of 1915–1917 represents one of the most consequential episodes of mass violence in modern history and remains a central case study in genocide scholarship. This article examines the destruction of Armenian communities within the Ottoman Empire during the First World War, focusing on the relationship between state policy, wartime security concerns, demographic transformation, and genocidal intent. Drawing upon Ottoman archival materials, diplomatic correspondence, survivor testimonies, demographic studies, and the broader historiography of genocide studies, this article analyzes the mechanisms through which mass deportation evolved into systematic destruction.

About the Author

Yahya Zoka (1923–2001) was an Iranian scholar, university professor, historian of Iranian art, and one of Iran's foremost experts on artistic heritage. He was born in Tabriz.