A comprehensive, up-to-date (as of 2025) comparison between X11 (X.Org) and Wayland, the two main display server protocols used in Linux and other Unix-like systems.

In recent years, the Republic of Tajikistan has witnessed a remarkable cultural revival under the directive and vision of its national leadership. Central to this movement has been the renewed emphasis on Iranic identity and heritage, particularly through the state-sponsored dissemination of Persian literary masterpieces such as Ferdowsi’s Shahnameh.

Before Likud existed, its ideological seeds were planted in Revisionist Zionism, a movement founded by Ze’ev Jabotinsky in the 1920s. Over five decades, Likud’s ideological centre of gravity has shifted markedly rightward—from a nationalist-liberal bloc into a populist-ethno-nationalist movement intertwined with religious extremism.

The Muslim Brotherhood (Arabic: al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin), founded in Egypt in 1928 by Hassan al-Banna, is one of the most influential Islamist movements in modern history. While the organization initially presented itself as a social and religious reform group, its evolution over nearly a century has revealed a deeply ideological and political agenda. Beneath its calls for “Islamic revival” lies a rigid, theocratic vision that rejects secular governance, modern pluralism, and democratic values. The Brotherhood’s history, ideology, and tactics illustrate how extremist interpretations of Islam can evolve into dangerous political movements that threaten social stability, global security, and human progress.

Below is a comprehensive overview of the economic sanctions imposed on Iran over the past roughly forty years (since around 1985), focusing on their wide-ranging economic, political, social, and humanitarian impacts. The timeline highlights key periods of sanctions, their effects, and Iran’s responses.

AI can significantly enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of peer review and academic publishing processes in several ways:

Using AI for scientific research brings about numerous ethical considerations that must be addressed to ensure responsible and beneficial outcomes. Here are some key ethical considerations and ways to address them:

Bias and Fairness

Consideration: AI systems can inherit biases present in the training data, leading to biased research outcomes, particularly affecting marginalized groups.
dressing:

AI-driven simulations have transformative potential for understanding complex biological processes and ecological systems. Here’s how they contribute to these fields:

AI can play a significant role in detecting and preventing fraudulent scientific data or research misconduct through several key methods:

Data Analysis and Anomaly Detection: AI algorithms can analyze large datasets to identify patterns or anomalies that might indicate fraudulent activity. For example, if an experiment’s results deviate significantly from expected patterns or from similar studies, AI can flag these deviations for further investigation.

AI can significantly enhance laboratory experiments and research workflows in several ways:

Data Analysis and Interpretation:

Automated Data Processing: AI can handle large volumes of data quickly and accurately, from preprocessing to analysis. This includes statistical analysis, pattern recognition, and trend analysis.
Predictive Analytics: Machine learning models can predict outcomes based on historical data, helping researchers make informed decisions about experimental designs and possible results.