Derafsh Kaviani is an ancient Persian royal standard or flag that has historical and cultural significance in Iran. It is believed to have originated during the Achaemenid Empire, possibly under the reign of King Darius the Great. Over centuries, it has been revered as a symbol of Persia.

The Persian necklace "Mithra's Necklace" was found in archaeological excavations in Kalvarez, Gilan and is about 3000 years old. Kalvarez is one of the villages of Rostamabad in Gilan and is located in the central part of Rudbar County.

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The development of nuclear science in Iran predates the 1979 Islamic Revolution and emerged as part of a broader modernization strategy pursued during the reign of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. Beginning in the 1950s through cooperation with the United States under the "Atoms for Peace" program, Iran established research institutions, trained nuclear scientists, acquired research reactors, and launched ambitious plans for nuclear power generation. By the late 1970s, Iran possessed a growing scientific community, an institutional framework for nuclear research, and several major international nuclear agreements. This article examines the origins, institutional development, scientific infrastructure, and international partnerships that shaped Iranian nuclear science before 1979.